Reform of the criminal law needed to protect victims from online abuse, says Law Commission
Reforms to the law are required to protect victims from online and social media-based abuse, according to a new Report by the Law Commission for England and Wales.
In its Scoping Report assessing the state of the law in this area, published today, the Law Commission raises concerns about the lack of coherence in the current criminal law and the problems this causes for victims, police and prosecutors.
The Law Commission is also critical of the current law’s ability to protect people harmed by a range of behaviour online. This includes receiving abusive and offensive communications, “Pile on” harassment, often on social media and the misuse of private images and information.
The Commission is calling for reform and consolidation of existing criminal laws dealing with offensive and abusive communications online. It is also calling for a specific review considering how the law can more effectively protect victims who are subject to a campaign of online harassment.
The Law Commission has also asked for a review of how effectively the criminal law protects personal privacy online.
Professor David Ormerod QC, Law Commissioner for Criminal Law said: “As the internet and social media have become an everyday part of our lives, online abuse has become commonplace for many.
“Our report highlights the ways in which the criminal law is not keeping pace with these technological changes. We identify the areas of the criminal law most in need of reform in order to protect victims and hold perpetrators to account,” he continued.
Responding to the Report, Digital Minister Margot James said: “Behaviour that is illegal offline should be treated the same when it’s committed online. We’ve listened to victims of online abuse as it’s important that the right legal protections are in place to meet the challenges of new technology.
“There is much more to be do and we’ll be considering the Law Commission’s findings as we develop a White Paper setting out new laws to make the UK a safer place to be online.”
Jess Phillips MP, Chair, and Rt Hon Maria Miller MP, Co-Chair, of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Violence and Abuse and Katie Ghose, Chief Executive of Women’s Aid, welcomed the Report.
They said: “Online abuse has a devastating impact on survivors and makes them feel as though the abuse is inescapable. Online abuse does not happen in the ‘virtual world’ in isolation; 85% of survivors surveyed by Women’s Aid experienced a pattern of online abuse together with offline abuse. Yet too often it is not taken as seriously as abuse ‘in the real world’.
“The All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Violence and Abuse has long called for legislation in this area to be reviewed to ensure that survivors are protected and perpetrators of online abuse held to account. We welcome the Law Commission’s report, which has found that gaps and inconsistencies in the law mean survivors are being failed. We support the call for further review and reform of the law”.
The need for reform
The Law Commission asked to assess whether the current criminal law achieved parity of treatment between online and offline offending. For the most part, we have concluded that abusive online communications are, at least theoretically, criminalised to the same or even a greater degree than equivalent offline offending.
However, we consider there is considerable scope for reform. Many of the applicable offences do not adequately reflect the nature of some of the offending behaviour in the online environment, and the degree of harm it can cause.
Practical and cultural barriers mean that not all harmful online conduct is pursued in terms of criminal law enforcement to the same extent that it might be in an offline context.
More generally, criminal offences could be improved so they are clearer and more effectively target serious harm and criminality. The large number of overlapping offences can cause confusion and ambiguous terms such as “gross offensiveness” “obscenity” and “indecency” don’t provide the required clarity for prosecutors.
Reforms would help to reduce and tackle, not only online abuse and offence generally but also “Pile on” harassment, where online harassment is coordinated against an individual. The Report notes that “in practice, it appears that the criminal law is having little effect in punishing and deterring certain forms of group abuse”.
The reforms will also help reduce and tackle the most serious privacy breaches, for example the Report highlights concerns about the laws around sharing of private sexual images. It also questions whether the law is adequate to deal with victims who find their personal information e.g. about their health or sexual history, widely spread online.
Impact on victims
The Law Commission heard from those affected by this kind of criminal behaviour including victims’ groups, the charities that support them, MPs and other high-profile victims.
The Report analyses the scale of online offending and suggests that studies show that the groups in society most likely to be affected by abusive communications online include women, young people, ethnic minorities and LGBTQ individuals. For example, the Report finds that gender-based online hate crime, particularly misogynistic abuse, is particularly prevalent and damaging.
It also sets out the factors which make online abuse so common – including the disinhibition of communicating with an unseen victim and the ease with which victims can be identified.
The Report highlights harms caused to the victims of online abuse. This includes psychological effects, such as depression and anxiety as well as emotional harms, such as feelings of shame, loneliness and distress.
Victims of online abuse have experienced physiological harms, including suicide and self-harm in the most extreme cases, according to the report.
There is also evidence that online abuse causes exclusion from public online space and corresponding feelings of isolation and economic and wider societal harms.
The Report concludes that abuse by groups of offenders online, and the use of visual images to perpetrate abuse are two of the ways in which online abuse can be aggravated.
Next steps
The Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) will now analyse the Report and decide on the next steps including what further work the Law Commission can do to produce recommendations for how the criminal law can be improved to tackle online abuse.
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